[412] The Mahatma Gandhi District in Houston, Texas, United States, an ethnic Indian enclave, is officially named after Gandhi. ». Il y eut plus de 300 morts et 1 000 blessés. À 18 ans, il veut à tout prix faire des études de droits même si la caste dont Gandhi faisait partie s'y oppose. [283] He also read the Islamic prophet Muhammad's biography, and argued that it was "not the sword that won a place for Islam in those days in the scheme of life. [49], Gandhi came from a poor family, and he had dropped out of the cheapest college he could afford. If they do not give you free passage out, you will allow yourselves, man, woman, and child, to be slaughtered, but you will refuse to owe allegiance to them. [129] On 31 December 1929, the flag of India was unfurled in Lahore. [298], Gandhi believed that his long acquaintance with Christianity had made him like it as well as find it imperfect. Vous êtes mort de quoi? [367], In an interview with C.F. [453][454], Leader of the campaign for India's independence from British rule, "Gandhi" redirects here. [339] Veena Howard states Gandhi's views on brahmacharya and religious renunciation experiments were a method to confront women issues in his times. [125] Furthermore, co-operation among Hindus and Muslims ended as Khilafat movement collapsed with the rise of Atatürk in Turkey. He asked Christians to stop humiliating his country and his people as heathens, idolators and other abusive language, and to change their negative views of India. De quoi est décédée Indira Gandhi ? He had advised Gandhi to be patient and to study Hinduism deeply. "[411], Time Magazine named The 14th Dalai Lama, Lech Wałęsa, Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, Aung San Suu Kyi, Benigno Aquino, Jr., Desmond Tutu, and Nelson Mandela as Children of Gandhi and his spiritual heirs to nonviolence. [359], According to Gandhi, a non-violent state is like an "ordered anarchy". [182][306] In 1937, Gandhi discussed Zionism with his close Jewish friend Hermann Kallenbach. SAS 81 Mort à Gandhi - Ebook written by Gérard de Villiers. He went on to stay for 21 years. There he studied the rudiments of arithmetic, history, the Gujarati language and geography. De 1888 à 1891, Gandhi complète son barreau à Londres. Il fait ses études de droit en Grande-Bretagne puis revient en Inde pour exercer mais ses débuts n'étant pas concluant il part en Afrique du Sud en 1893 pour y défendre une minorité indienne victime de ségrégation en prônant la non-violence. [74][75], In 1906, the Transvaal government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian and Chinese populations. [105][128] While many Hindu leaders championed a demand for immediate independence, Gandhi revised his own call to a one-year wait, instead of two.[127]. He found it humiliating, struggling to understand how some people can feel honour or superiority or pleasure in such inhumane practices. [76] According to Anthony Parel, Gandhi was also influenced by the Tamil text Tirukkuṛaḷ after Leo Tolstoy mentioned it in their correspondence that began with "A Letter to a Hindu". He believed that the best economic system not only cared to lift the "poor, less skilled, of impoverished background" but also empowered to lift the "rich, highly skilled, of capital means and landlords". Byron Price, secrétaire général par intérim de l’ONU, et Van Langenhove, président du Conseil de sécurité, on fait l’éloge funèbre du mahatma. [267] The concept of nonviolence (ahimsa) has a long history in Indian religious thought, with it being considered the highest dharma (ethical value virtue), a precept to be observed towards all living beings (sarvbhuta), at all times (sarvada), in all respects (sarvatha), in action, words and thought. ». On mesure d’ailleurs bien la position des dirigeants anglais par cette déclaration de Churchill : « Il est absurde et presque nauséabond de voir ce M. Gandhi, avocaillon de bas étage, posant maintenant au fakir, qui gravit à demi-nu lesescaliers du vice-roi, qui négocie d’égal à égal avec le représentant du roi d’Angleterre et empereur des Indes, alors qu’il mène toujours une insolente campagne de désobéissance civile. On 13 April 1919, people including women with children gathered in an Amritsar park, and a British officer named Reginald Dyer surrounded them and ordered his troops to fire on them. Cribb states that Gandhi's thought evolved over time, with his early ideas becoming the core or scaffolding for his mature philosophy. Le pandit a ensuite exhorté la population au calme. Notre plus profond espoir et que l’Inde saura trouver la paix qu’elle recherche. Gandhi also wanted to avoid being a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj. [51] In July 1888, his wife Kasturba gave birth to their first surviving son, Harilal. It is not inaction but determined passive resistance and non-co-operation where, states Arthur Herman, "love conquers hate". Based on that book, he considered Buddhism to be a reform movement and the Buddha to be a Hindu. Le soir du 30 janvier 1948, à Delhi, un homme tire trois coups de revolver sur Gandhi alors que celui-ci se rend comme chaque jour à la prière. [322][323], Gandhi championed animal rights in general. [286] He believed Muslims should welcome criticism of the Quran, because "every true scripture only gains from criticism". [176] The violence on Direct Action Day led to retaliatory violence against Muslims across India. Le mahatma Gandhi est né à Kâthiâwar (province de Bombay), en 1869. [405] Einstein said of Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi's life achievement stands unique in political history. These are widely believed to be Gandhi's last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this statement has been disputed. The British did not respond favourably to Gandhi's proposal. [175], Jinnah rejected Gandhi's proposal and called for Direct Action Day, on 16 August 1946, to press Muslims to publicly gather in cities and support his proposal for the partition of the Indian subcontinent into a Muslim state and non-Muslim state. [325], Alter states that Gandhi's fasting, vegetarianism and diet was more than a political leverage, it was a part of his experiments with self restraint and healthy living. Gandhi / Avocat, 1970 - 1948 Gandhi est né le 2 Octobre 1869 à Porbandar, en Inde, de parents hindous très pieux. Prominent Muslim allies in his nonviolent resistance movement included Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Abdul Ghaffar Khan. [52] His mother was not comfortable about Gandhi leaving his wife and family, and going so far from home. Biographie courte de Gandhi - Il était dit le Mahatma ("grande âme"). Allinson had been promoting newly available birth control methods, but Hills disapproved of these, believing they undermined public morality. [328] In his own life however, according to Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert, Gandhi's relationship with his wife were at odds with some of these values. "[257], Gandhi wrote: "There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no insolence, no undue pressure. Gandhi wrote the book The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism and wrote for the London Vegetarian Society's publication. [336] Gandhi's public experiments, as they progressed, were widely discussed and criticised by his family members and leading politicians. [233][236][237] Later, Gandhi translated the Gita into Gujarati in 1930. [134] When women insisted that they join the movement and public demonstrations, according to Thapar-Bjorkert, Gandhi asked the volunteers to get permissions of their guardians and only those women who can arrange child-care should join him. Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, the Muslim League Chief Minister of Bengal – now Bangladesh and West Bengal, gave Calcutta's police special holiday to celebrate the Direct Action Day. [159] He also condemned Nazism and Fascism, a view which won endorsement of other Indian leaders. [138] These ideas sounded strange outside India, during his lifetime, but they readily and deeply resonated with the culture and historic values of his people. [127] After his support for the World War I with Indian combat troops, and the failure of Khilafat movement in preserving the rule of Caliph in Turkey, followed by a collapse in Muslim support for his leadership, some such as Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh questioned his values and non-violent approach. The British Government agreed to free all political prisoners, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. In August 1947 the British partitioned the land with India and Pakistan each achieving independence on terms that Gandhi disapproved. Lors de la « marche du sel » en 1930, près de 100 000 Indiens furent emprisonnés avec lui pour avoir violé les lois anglaises sur le sel. It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical power. Le 4 ... à la mort de sa femme lors de sa captivité, [418] Gandhi was also the runner-up to Albert Einstein as "Person of the Century"[419] at the end of 1999. At the battle of Spion Kop Gandhi and his bearers moved to the front line and had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital because the terrain was too rough for the ambulances. Gandhi expected to discuss India's independence, while the British side focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than on a transfer of power. Brown, Judith M. (2004). He believed that a better economic system is one which does not impoverish one's culture and spiritual pursuits.[381]. [365][366] For example, in his letters to Mohammad Iqbal, Jinnah accused Gandhi to be favouring a Hindu rule and revivalism, that Gandhi led Indian National Congress was a fascist party. [195], Gandhi's assassination dramatically changed the political landscape. Comme les autres peuples, et peut-être plus encore que d’autres, le peuple indien oscille entre la résignation et la violence. According to the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London for discussions and as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. [123] In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honours. According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi believed that his campaign would strike a blow to imperialism. Gandhi's private secretary noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of 'Ahimsa' (nonviolence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since. [239][240] Winston Churchill also compared Gandhi to a Sufi fakir. QUIZ : De quoi ces personnalités sont-elles mortes ? Alors qu’il se rendait à ses prières habituelles, il a essuyé quatre coups de feu tirés à bout portant par un jeune Hindou de la province de Bombay qui a été arrêté sur les lieux de l’attentat. Dès son arrivée, il succombait à ses blessures. En 1914, il revint aux Indes où il organisa un mouvement pour l’indépendance et fonda, en collaboration avec Maulana Azad, le journal nationaliste The Indian Opinion. [97], In 1918, Kheda was hit by floods and famine and the peasantry was demanding relief from taxes. [56] His attempts at establishing a law practice in Bombay failed because he was psychologically unable to cross-examine witnesses. [422] Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Il a repris ses moyens d’action en 1920. Gandhi était conscient que l’indépendance de son pays ne serait qu’un demi-succès si les fléaux qui divisaient la société indienne n’étaient pas combattus : système des castes, intouchabilité, fanatismes religieux. [77][78] Gandhi urged Indians to defy the new law and to suffer the punishments for doing so. His childhood shyness and self withdrawal had continued through his teens, and he remained so when he arrived in London, but he joined a public speaking practice group and overcame this handicap to practise law. [193] Gandhi's body was transported on a weapons carrier, whose chassis was dismantled overnight to allow a high-floor to be installed so that people could catch a glimpse of his body. Ainsi, durant son enfance et son adolescence, Gandhi ne cessera de travailler des qualités qu’il aiguisera au fil de sa vie. One of Gandhi's earliest publications, Hind Swaraj, published in Gujarati in 1909, became "the intellectual blueprint" for India's independence movement. Le 30 janvier marque le 60e anniversaire de la mort de Gandhi. Jean-Luc Nancy said that the French philosopher Maurice Blanchot engaged critically with Gandhi from the point of view of "European spirituality". [103][107][108][109], The increasing Muslim support for Gandhi, after he championed the Caliph's cause, temporarily stopped the Hindu-Muslim communal violence. For five months, the administration refused but finally in end-May 1918, the Government gave way on important provisions and relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended. [148] During this time he renewed his links with the British vegetarian movement. Gandhi criticised Western civilisation as one driven by "brute force and immorality", contrasting it with his categorisation of Indian civilisation as one driven by "soul force and morality". Il lui a demandé de « supporter fermement et avec patience la plus grande perte qu’elle vient de subir dans l’histoire du pays ». Rather, it is a political creed, an economic doctrine, a religious outlook, a moral precept, and especially, a humanitarian world view. par Ashish Kothari. [160] He clarified that the movement would not be stopped because of any individual acts of violence, saying that the "ordered anarchy" of "the present system of administration" was "worse than real anarchy. [85] He argued that Indians should participate in the war efforts to change attitudes and perceptions of the British people against the coloured people. The Champaran agitation pitted the local peasantry against their largely British landlords who were backed by the local administration.