The government is ready to dialogue with them." The West Point analysis of these documents concluded that Libya provided "far more" foreign fighters in per capita terms than any other country. [130] Protests took place in Benghazi, Ajdabiya, Derna, Zintan, and Bayda. An attempt to unify the military command of the air campaign (while keeping political and strategic control with a small group), first failed due to objections by the French, German, and Turkish governments. According to Michel Koutouzis, who does research on security issues for the EU institutions, the UN and the French government, "In Libyan society, there is a taboo against killing people from your own tribal group. According to RT.com, rebels abducted five journalists from Russia in April 2011 in Ajdabiya: they reportedly took away the journalists' documents and equipment before releasing them. A doctor in Benghazi said of the mercenaries that "they know one thing: to kill who is in front of them. You cannot escape [122], Between 13 and 16 January 2011, upset at delays in the building of housing units and over political corruption, protesters in Bayda, Derna, Benghazi and other cities broke into, and occupied, housing that the government had been building. The Gaddafi government then announced a ceasefire, but fighting and bombing continued. In general, the normative framework applicable to international conflicts is broader and more detailed than the sum of rules that apply in conflicts not of an international character. 9 Nov. There have been various disagreements and strife between local militia and tribes, including fighting on 23 January 2012 in the former Gaddafi stronghold of Bani Walid, leading to an alternative town council being established and later recognized by the National Transitional Council (NTC). [197] The International Federation for Human Rights concluded on 24 February that Gaddafi was implementing a scorched earth strategy. [154] Music provided an important platform for communication among demonstrators. Sporadic clashes between NTC and former loyalists also continued across Libya with low intensity. A subsidiary of Bull developed a software called Eagle which enabled Gaddafi to monitor internet traffic and which was implemented in Libya in 2008 and with better performance in 2010. That same day, military operations began, with US forces and one British submarine firing cruise missiles. [314] The rebels were reported as estimating 400 people had been killed and a further 2,000 injured in the battle. Er werd voor een resolutie gestemd die militair ingrijpen mogelijk maakte. A further UN resolution authorised member states to establish and enforce a no-fly zone over Libya, and to use "all necessary measures" to prevent attacks on civilians,[65] which turned into a bombing campaign by the forces of NATO against military installations and civilian infrastructure of Libya. [277] On 21 February, he made an appearance on Piers Morgan Tonight to discuss the uprising. Middle East/North Africa Report N°107", "Libye: de nouveaux morts lors d'une opération des forces libyennes", "Libyan demonstrators Say They'll Soldier on Despite Violent Crackdown", "Hip-hop is a soundtrack to the North African revolt", "Ibn Thabit: The Beat Behind Libya's Revolution", "In Eastern Libya, Defectors and Volunteers Build Rebel Army", "Pizza delivery service caters to Libya's front-line rebels", "World raises pressure on Libya, battles for key towns", "Why Won't You Help, Libyan Rebels Ask West", "As Tide Turns, Rebels' Dream Of 'Free Libya' Dims", "Libya After Qaddafi: Lessons and Implications for the Future", "The Most Troubling Reports About the Libyan Rebels", "Islamist Militia 'Shot Libya Rebel Abdel Fattah Younes, "Upbeat Gaddafi Fires Trademark Blast at West and Qaeda", "Libya: al-Qaeda Among Libya Rebels, Nato Chief Fears", "Halt To Rebel Advance Creates Libyan Divide", "Libya rebels: Gaddafi could be right about al-Qaeda", "WikiLeaks: Guantanamo detainee is now Libyan rebel leader", "Gaddafi Says Protesters Are on Hallucinogenic Drugs", "Yemen Blames Israel and US; Qaddafi Accuses US – and al-Qaeda", "Three Scenarios for End of Gaddafi: Psychologist", "Gaddafi Warns of al-Qaeda Spread 'Up to Israel, "Gaddafi addresses Benghazi residents – Africa", "The Tyrant of Belarus: Gaddafi's Friend Far, Far to the North? For the 18th-century civil war in Libya, see, Christopher S. Chivvis, Keith Crane, Peter Mandaville, Jeffrey Martini, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDavis1990 (. Their war is a tradition that passes from father to son and without a motive but the rivalry between the peasants. Some army personnel also joined the protesters; they then seized the local radio station. [312], Early the following day, 24 August, Gaddafi broadcast an address from a Tripoli local radio station in which he said the withdrawal from Bab al-Azizia had been a "tactical" move. Libya; Economy of Libya; Portal:Libya; Oil reserves in Libya; Energy in Libya; Libyan Civil War (2014–present) Mining industry of Libya; Gebruik op es.wikipedia.org Guerra civil libia (2014-actualidad) Gebruik op fa.wikipedia.org میدان‌های نفتی لیبی; Gebruik op fr.wikipedia.org Libye; Première guerre civile … [358][359] The Islamic Relief and the WFP also coordinated a shipment of humanitarian supplies to Misrata. "[113] A number of restrictions were also allegedly placed on the power of the Revolutionary Committees by the Gaddafi government, leading to a resurgence in the Libyan state's popularity by the early 1990s. 200,000 volunteers by war's end(NTC estimate)[49]. Libya will show that these belonged to Al Qaeda. [280], By 23 February, Gaddafi was suffering from the resignations and defections of close allies,[281] from the loss of Benghazi,[282] the fall of Tobruk, Misrata, Bayda, Zawiya, Zuwara, Sabratha, Sorman,[281][283] and mounting international isolation and pressure. [214], Abdel Hakim Belhaj, the leader of Tripoli Military Council who had previously served as the leader of the 2004 U.S. terrorist-designated Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), was among the privileged recipients of shipments from Qatar. The Khamis Brigade, run by Gaddafi's son Khamis, rolled in and nearly destroyed the entire city. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter. The statement added: "The clashes last night were between small groups of people – up to 150. This lasted until 12 March. [58][59], An independent newspaper called Libya appeared in Benghazi, as well as rebel-controlled radio stations. [159], The National Transitional Council (Arabic: المجلس الوطني الانتقالي‎) was established on 27 February to consolidate efforts for change in the rule of Libya. Milanovic, Marko and Hadzi-Vidanovic, Vidan. [362] By 10 July, over 150,000 migrants were evacuated. He said that he was not a member of the government or the military and therefore had no authority to give such orders. [115] With the establishment of the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses") system in 1977, he established the Revolutionary Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness, with the aim of direct political participation by all Libyans rather than a traditional party-based representative system. A number of senior military officials defected to the opposition, including General Abdul Fatah Younis, General al-Barani Ashkal,[267] Major General Suleiman Mahmoud, Brigadier General Musa'ed Ghaidan Al Mansouri, Brigadier General Hassan Ibrahim Al Qarawi and Brigadier General Dawood Issa Al Qafsi. Hamad bin Ali Al Attiyah, Muammar Gaddafi † [279] On 3 March, it was reported that another member of the family, Prince Zouber al-Senussi, had fled Libya with his family and was seeking asylum in Totebo, Sweden. Libya, country located in North Africa comprising three historical regions: Tripolitania in the northwest, Cyrenaica in the east, and Fezzan in the southwest. The allegations surfaced in an Al Jazeera report the previous month from Libya-based doctors, who claimed to have found Viagra in the pockets of government soldiers. We will not permit that at all, and we call on Libyans to voice their issues through existing channels, even if it is to call for the downfall of the government. [62], The Libyan government alleged that the armed rebellion was composed of "criminal gangs and mercenaries. Muammar: You have never served the people It was also reported attempts at contact had been initiated by French and Saudi officials. [254] Amnesty International cited claims that Gaddafi had placed his tanks next to civilian facilities, using them as shields. [268][269] Colonel Nuretin Hurala, the commander of the Benghazi Naval Base also defected along with senior naval officials. Because they were against them. [119] In 1979, some of the Revolutionary Committees had eventually evolved into self-appointed, sometimes zealous, enforcers of revolutionary orthodoxy. [390], 100 countries recognized the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council as Libya's legitimate representative, with many of those countries explicitly describing it as the legal interim government of the country due to the perceived loss of legitimacy on the part of Gaddafi's government, though the National Transitional Council never obtained authority and security across all of Libya. [214], After clashes between Government and anti-government forces, allegations arose of the Libyan Gaddafi using foreign mercenaries. A New York Times online article also comments that "it seems that plenty of the black Africans captured as mercenaries were never actually involved in the fight". An injured seven-year-old in a hospital was the victim of a car crash, according to a note passed on surreptitiously by a nurse. Libye je stát v severní Africe u Středozemního moře.Jejími sousedy jsou Egypt, Súdán, Čad, Niger, Alžírsko a Tunisko.Jméno státu má původ ve starořeckém mýtu o Libyi.V roce 2011 zde proběhla občanská válka mezi stoupenci Kaddáfího džamáhíríje a povstalci zastupovanými Národní přechodnou radou a podporovanými NATO.Válka skončila vítězstvím povstalců. Local hospitals and clinics, even in areas considered under rebel control, were reporting hundreds of cases of gunshot wounds and the death toll was impossible to estimate. [91][92], Libya's economy is structured primarily around the nation's energy sector, which generates about 95% of export earnings, 80% of GDP, and 99% of government income. He later stated that international community needs "less talk and more action" to stop the violence. [154], Some groups, such as a rock band from Benghazi called the "Guys Underground", used metaphors to cloak the censure of the authorities. [206] Human rights groups and aid workers had previously documented rapes by loyalist fighters during the war. "[114], In 1988, Gaddafi criticized the "excesses" he blamed on the Revolutionary Councils, stating that "they deviated, harmed, tortured" and that "the true revolutionary does not practise repression. Coffins at funerals have sometimes turned out to be empty. He specifically referred to substances in milk, coffee, and Nescafé, and said that Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda were distributing these hallucinogenic drugs. By 3 March, the situation was described as a logistical nightmare, with the World Health Organization warning of the risk of epidemics. [243] However, every day new footage made with cell phone cameras found its way to YouTube and the international media. "[216], Over ten ammunition shipments sponsored by Qatar were allegedly delivered to anti-Gaddhafi forces via Sudan. As a train roars through a wall [322] On 5 September, Libyan NTC spokesman, Abdulrahman Busin, said the NTC has hard evidence that Gadhafi bought arms from China. [130], The protests would lead to an uprising and civil war, as part of the wider Arab Spring,[131][132] which had already resulted in the ousting of long-term presidents of adjacent Tunisia and Egypt. [186], Amnesty International also reported that security forces targeted paramedics helping injured protesters. He also blamed alcohol. He also said that he had been receiving "thousands" of phone calls from Benghazi, from residents who were being held hostage and who wanted to be rescued. He regained Ra's Lanuf and Brega. [62], In July 2011, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi had an interview with Russia Today in which he denied the ICC's allegations that he or his father Muammar Gaddafi ordered the killing of civilian protesters. They were soon nicknamed the Libyan Revolution of Dignity by the protesters and foreign media. [351][352] Others maintain the opposite position, arguing that the available legal tests for "deinternationalisation" are unpersuasive and introduce vague and politicized criteria that cannot be satisfactorily considered in the heat of the battle. [53], Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, which compiles a database of all reported fatalities due to political violence on the African continent, listed 6,109 fatalities from 15 February to 23 October 2011, of which 1,319 prior to NATO intervention. [336] The numbers of injured were estimated to be around 4,000 by 22 February. The big stories of 2011", "Libyan Opposition Declares 'Day of Rage' Against Gaddafi", "Anti-Government Protesters Killed in Libyan Clash", "Military Helicopters Reportedly Fire on Protesters in Libya", "POPULAR PROTEST IN NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST (V): MAKING SENSE OF LIBYA. [86] A broadly secular society was imposed. The report suggested that Tawergha, which was dominated by black Libyans, may have been the subject of ethnic cleansing provoked by a combination of racism and bitterness on the part of Misratan fighters over the town's support for Gaddafi during the siege of Misrata. [101] A leaked US diplomatic cable said that the Libyan economy was "a kleptocracy in which the government – either the Gaddafi family itself or its close political allies – has a direct stake in anything worth buying, selling or owning". [354][355], By the end of February 2011, supplies of medicine, fuel and food were dangerously low in Libya's urban centres. Much of the state's income came from its oil production, which soared in the 1970s. See, e.g., Kolb, Robert and Hyde, Richard. 200,000 volunteers by war's end(NTC estimate)[24]. The Libyan Civil War was a civil war in Libya during the year 2011. [87] Child marriage was banned, and women enjoyed equality of equal pay for equal work, equal rights in divorce and access to higher education rose from 8% in 1966 to 43% in 1996, equal to that of men. He referred to the rebels as "cockroaches" and "rats", and vowed not to step down and to cleanse Libya house by house until the insurrection was crushed. [75] These unresolved issues led directly to a second civil war in Libya. In fact, most shipments for which Qatar paid went directly to the rebels. [201] The International Federation for Human Rights reported a case where 130 soldiers were executed. Saif al-Arab Gaddafi †[22] ", "Arab Spring: timeline of the African and Middle East rebellions", "Libya Protests Build, Showing Revolts' Limits", "Twitter and Other Services Create Cracks in Gadhafi's Media Fortress", "Opening Closed Regimes: What Was the Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring? [253], In June 2011, Amnesty International criticized "Western media coverage" which "has from the outset presented a very one-sided view of the logic of events, portraying the protest movement as entirely peaceful and repeatedly suggesting that the regime's security forces were unaccountably massacring unarmed demonstrators who presented no security challenge. Adopting resolution 1973 (2011) by a vote of 10 in favour to none against, with 5 abstentions (Brazil, China, ... Libya: United Nations Security Council proposed designations "[76] He abolished the Libyan Constitution of 1951, considering it a neocolonial document. Despite one of the highest unemployment rates in the region, there was a consistent labor shortage with over a million migrant workers present on the market. "[151], Towards the end of February, it was reported that the Gaddafi government had suppressed protests in Tripoli by distributing automobiles, money and weapons for hired followers to drive around Tripoli and attack people showing signs of dissent. The protests were triggered by the arrests of government critics, including a lawyer representing the families of an estimated 1,200 prisoners who had been killed at Tripoli’s Abu Salim prison in 1996. "[198], In May 2011, International Criminal Court (ICC) chief prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo estimated that 500–700 people were killed by security forces in February 2011, before the rebels took up arms. [248] Libyan citizen journalist Mohammed Nabbous was shot in the head by Gaddafi's soldiers soon after exposing the Gaddafi government's false reports related to the cease-fire declaration. [99] Likewise, supply lines were run by volunteers. [339], In June 2011, Amnesty International stated that earlier estimates of the initial clashes in February were exaggerated. Mercredi 11. [290], By 11 March, the Libyan Air Force was running out of quality jet fuel, and the government tried to bribe Maltese Air Force officials in order to buy fuel. In 2006, an initiative was adopted for providing people with low incomes investment portfolios amounting to $30,000 to be deposited with banks and companies. Learn more abut the Libya Revolt of 2011. Malian government officials told BBC that it is hard to stop the flow of fighters from Mali to Libya. Despite previous reports suggesting that Muammar Gaddafi may be inside, no members of the Gaddafi family were found. ", "Qaddafi Survival Means Weak Army, Co-Opted Tribes", "Gadhafi's Military Muscle Concentrated In Elite Units", "Video Libyan Leader Muammar Gaddafi's Forces Facing Modern Firepower From RAF", 'Libya's national assembly elects former diplomat as prime minister,', 'An Erratic Leader, Brutal and Defiant to the End,', 'Libya crisis: what role do tribal loyalties play?,', "Uprisings in the Region and Ignored Indicators", "Corruption Perceptions Index 2010 Results", "Libya's Jobless Rate at 20.7 Percent: Report", "Dispatch from Libya: Why Benghazi Rebelled", "Lesson from Libya: Despotism, Poverty and Risk", "Shady Dealings Helped Qaddafi Build Fortune and Regime", "Hoard of Cash Lets Qaddafi Extend Fight Against Rebels", "Libya's Gaddafi tells govt to hand out oil money", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Gaddafi threatens to abolish government ministries", "Libyan congresses delay Gaddafi's oil shareout plan", "Freedom of the Press 2009 – Table of Global Press Freedom Rankings", "Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "U.N. Human Rights Council resolution: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (2010)", "Libya and the U.S.: Qadhafi Unrepentant", "Al-Qadhafi Suggests Libyan Elections May Be In The Offing", "What now for Colonel Gadaffi's Green Book? The report said that the country was founded on direct people's democracy that guaranteed direct exercise of authority by all citizens through the people's congresses. [391], 2011 armed conflict in the North African country of Libya, This article is about the civil war in 2011. Many tens of thousands were still trapped on the Libyan side of the frontier. and on 22 February, The Economist described the protests as an "uprising that is trying to reclaim Libya from the world's longest-ruling autocrat". Al-quaeda started bombing. Al-quaeda started bombing. [245], International journalists who attempted to cover the events were attacked by Gaddafi's forces. The situation in Libya . It took Predator drones about three weeks from the start of NATO’s war against Moammar Gadhafi to arrive in the skies over Libya. [215] Dagher, Levinson, and Coker also wrote that some government officials in Tripoli claimed that Ghaddafi's fall did not cause those shipments to be suspended. By 22 August, rebel fighters had gained entrance into Tripoli and occupied Green Square, which was promptly renamed Martyrs' Square in memory of those who had died fighting in the civil war. Fleeing the violence of Tripoli by road, as many as 4,000 refugees were crossing the Libya–Tunisia border daily during the first days of the uprising. [95] More than 16% of families had no members earning a stable income, and 43.3% had just one. [255] The Jamahiriya News Agency reported on a speech delivered by Leader Gaddafi to Misrata tribes in Tripoli, in which he said that the rebels "used children and women as human shields. [118], Dissent was illegal under Law 75 of 1973, and in 1974, Gaddafi asserted that anyone guilty of founding a political party would be executed. Rap, hip hop and traditional music, alongside other genres, played a big role in encouraging dissent against Gaddafi's government. [66][67] Throughout the conflict, rebels rejected government offers of a ceasefire and efforts by the African Union to end the fighting because the plans set forth did not include the removal of Gaddafi. On 18 February, police and army personnel later withdrew from Benghazi after being overwhelmed by protesters. They took Tripoli in August. [360] [172] NATO's Supreme Allied Commander James G. Stavridis stated that intelligence reports suggested there were "flickers" of al-Qaeda activity among rebels, but that there was insufficient information to confirm a significant presence of terrorist groups. Fighter Plane Sculpture, International reactions to military intervention, International reactions to Gaddafi's death, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/265, United Nations Security Council Resolution 2009, United Nations Security Council Resolution 2016, National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change, Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present), Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present), Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present), Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present), Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018), Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Libyan_Civil_War&oldid=995096112, Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa, Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa, Articles with dead external links from November 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with failed verification from March 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 19 December 2020, at 05:38.