At the last internal Centre meeting prior to the debate on the Enabling Act, Kaas expressed no preference or suggestion on the vote, but as a way of mollifying opposition by Centre members to the granting of further powers to Hitler, Kaas somehow arranged for a letter of constitutional guarantee from Hitler himself prior to his voting with the centre en bloc in favour of the Enabling Act. The new government was expected to lead a political shift towards conservatism. The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice with Germany of 11 November 1918. The consequent general election on 14 September resulted in an enormous political shift within the Reichstag: 18.3% of the vote went to the NSDAP, five times the percentage won in 1928. Nom donné au régime de l'Allemagne après la Première Guerre mondiale (1919-1933). On 22 March, the negotiations concluded; Hitler promised to continue the existence of the German states, agreed not to use the new grant of power to change the constitution, and promised to retain Zentrum members in the civil service. The government printed money to deal with the crisis; this meant payments within Germany were made with worthless paper money, and helped formerly great industrialists to pay back their own loans. Leur vision très critique du bolchevisme était prémonitoire et leur assassinat a brisé une ... Lire la suite. This was the "stab-in-the-back myth" that was unceasingly propagated by the right in the 1920s and ensured that many monarchists and conservatives would refuse to support the government of what they called the "November criminals". Sur fond de disette et de guerre civile, tandis que Berlin, Munich et les grands ports sont menacés de subversion bolchévique, les députés régularisent à la hâte les institutions républicaines forgées après la défaite allemande et l'abdication de l'empereur Guillaume II. Republica de la Weimar (în germană Weimarer Republik) este numele dat de istorici Germaniei după Primul Război Mondial și a fost prima democrație parlamentară din istoria Germaniei.Republica de la Weimar a existat între 1919-1933, de la proclamarea republicii, în urma Primului Război Mondial, și până la numirea lui Adolf Hitler în funcția de cancelar. This encouraged an escalation in the number of public demonstrations and instances of paramilitary violence organised by the NSDAP. Hitler also agreed to mention these promises in his speech to the Reichstag before the vote on the Enabling Act. As normal parliamentary lawmaking broke down and was replaced around 1930 by a series of emergency decrees, the decreasing popular legitimacy of the government further drove voters to extremist parties. "[31] Adolf Hitler repeatedly blamed the republic and its democracy for accepting the oppressive terms of this treaty. However, the 1949 West German constitution (the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany) is generally viewed as a strong response to these flaws. When the New York Stock Exchange crashed in October 1929, American loans dried up and the sharp decline of the German economy brought the "Golden Twenties" to an abrupt end. [39] That same year, health insurance was extended to wives and daughters without their own income, people only partially capable of gainful employment, people employed in private cooperatives, and people employed in public cooperatives. On 18 July, as a result of opposition from the SPD, KPD, DNVP and the small contingent of NSDAP members, the Reichstag again rejected the bill by a slim margin. By late 1931, the conservative movement was dead and Hindenburg and the Reichswehr had begun to contemplate dropping Brüning in favour of accommodating Hugenberg and Hitler. The Grand Coalition headed by Muller inspired some faith in the government, but that didn't last. The immediate question was what part the now large Nazi Party would play in the Government of the country. The value of the Papiermark had declined from 4.2 marks per U.S. dollar in 1914 to one million per dollar by August 1923. Moreover, Britain, Italy and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rhineland. Les énormes réparations imposées à l'Allemagne par les Alliés empêchent la démocratie de se consolider. Allemagne -- Politique et gouvernement -- 1918-1933. Meanwhile, the only remaining question for the Nazis was whether the Catholic Centre Party would support the Enabling Act in the Reichstag, thereby providing the ⅔ majority required to ratify a law that amended the constitution. However, right-wing state criminals were not permanently deterred from their activities, and the lenient sentences they were given by judges influenced by imperial conservatism were a contributing factor. However, he also drew right-wing extremist hatred as a Jew (see also Weimar antisemitism). [23] A code of January 1919 bestowed upon land-labourers the same legal rights that industrial workers enjoyed, while a bill ratified that same year obliged the States to set up agricultural settlement associations which, as noted by Volker Berghahn, "were endowed with the priority right of purchase of farms beyond a specified size". Ludendorff and Hitler declared that the Weimar government was deposed and that they were planning to take control of Munich the following day. In 1926, Germany joined the League of Nations. As the Weimar Republic was very fragile in all its existence, the depression was devastating, and played a major role in the Nazi takeover. Friedrich Ebert initially declared the official German coat of arms to be a design by Emil Doepler (shown in the first infobox above) as of 12 November 1919, following a decision of the German government.[14]. The vulgar and turbulent SA was the Reichswehr's main opponent throughout its existence, openly seeking to absorb the army, and the army fired at them during the Beerhall Putsch. For the German city, see, States of the Weimar Republic in the 1920s (with, The official coat of arms of Germany from 1928 to 1933, designed by Tobias Schwab, Brüning's policy of deflation (1930–1932). Hindenburg, despite his misgivings about the Nazis' goals and about Hitler as a personality, reluctantly agreed to Papen's theory that, with Nazi popular support on the wane, Hitler could now be controlled as Chancellor. His primary goal was to remove Germany's reparation payments by convincing the Allies that they could no longer be paid. When American banks withdrew their line of credit to German companies, the onset of severe unemployment could not be abated by conventional economic measures. Shortly after, France completely occupied the Rhineland, strictly controlling all important industrial areas. In line with the contemporary economic theory (subsequently termed "leave-it-alone liquidationism"), he enacted a draconian policy of deflation and drastically cutting state expenditure. Historian Sally Marks says the 112 billion marks in "C bonds" were entirely chimerical—a device to fool the public into thinking Germany would pay much more. That was made apparent when political parties on both right and left wanting to disband the Republic altogether made any democratic majority in Parliament impossible. The Allies permitted only low import levels of goods that most Germans could not afford. Additionally, Hindenburg's death in 1934 ended the last obstacle for Hitler to assume full power in the Weimar Republic. From 1924 to 1929, the Republic enjoyed relative stability and prosperity. The national government fled to Stuttgart and called for a general strike against the putsch. Dès la nuit qui a suivi son accession à la chancellerie du Reich, le 9 novembre 1918, Friedrich Ebert conclut un accord secret avec l'armée pour mettre fin aux désordres. Meetings of the left-wing parties were banned and even some of the moderate parties found their members threatened and assaulted. While the official reparations were considerable, Germany ended up paying only a fraction of them. Otto Wels, the leader of the Social Democrats, whose seats were similarly depleted from 120 to below 100, was the only speaker to defend democracy and in a futile but brave effort to deny Hitler the ⅔ majority, he made a speech critical of the abandonment of democracy to dictatorship. Even Stresemann's 'German People's party' failed to gain nationwide recognition, and instead featured in the 'flip-flop' coalitions. To help Germany meet reparation obligations, the Dawes Plan was created in 1924. In response, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr region, Germany's most productive industrial region at the time, taking control of most mining and manufacturing companies in January 1923. The artistic design may be varied for each special purpose. Stresemann's reforms did not relieve the underlying weaknesses of Weimar but gave the appearance of a stable democracy. In 1922, now three years after the German signing of the Treaty of Versailles, meat consumption in the country had not increased since the war era. La république de Weimar center left no-repeat;padding-left:15px;font-size:smaller}Écouter) est le nom donné par les historiens au régime politique en place en Allemagne de 1918 à 1933. À la mort du président Ebert, en 1925, le vieux maréchal Paul von Hindenburg (78 ans) est élu à sa succession au suffrage universel. The MSPD decided to make use of their support at the grassroots and put themselves at the front of the movement, demanding that Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate. From November 1918 to January 1919, Germany was governed by the "Council of the People's Deputies", under the leadership of Ebert and Haase. The democratic parties obtained a solid 80% of the vote. It became a de jure republic in February 1919 when the position of President of Germany was created. Hitler expressed his confidence to win over the centre's votes. Hitler presented an appealing prospect of respect towards Christianity by paying tribute to the Christian faiths as "essential elements for safeguarding the soul of the German people". Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests on 15 January. By the end of March, the Reichstag Fire Decree and the Enabling Act of 1933 had used the perceived state of emergency to grant Hitler as Chancellor broad power to act outside parliamentary control, which he used to thwart constitutional governance and civil liberties. [46] Health insurance coverage was extended to other categories of the population during the existence of the Weimar Republic, including seamen, people employed in the educational and social welfare sectors, and all primary dependents. The left of the Nazi party strove desperately against any drift into the train of such capitalist and feudal reactionaries. In a major thematic exhibition the SCHIRN is presenting German art from 1918 to 1933.Direct, ironic, angry, accusatory, and often even prophetic works demonstrate the struggle for democracy and paint a picture of a society in the midst of crisis and transition. A wide range of progressive social reforms were carried out during and after the revolutionary period. Dès la nuit qui a suivi son accession à la chancellerie du Reich, le 9 novembre 1918, Friedrich Ebert conclut un accord secret avec l'armée pour mettre fin aux désordres. Those years are sometimes called the Golden Twenties. Benefits for the sick, invalid and pensioners were also reduced sharply. However, Russia had pulled out of the First World War against the Germans as a result of the 1917 Russian Revolution, and was excluded from the League of Nations. The 3,000 rebels were thwarted by the Bavarian authorities. Before the March 1933 elections, Hitler had persuaded Hindenburg to promulgate the Reichstag Fire Decree using Article 48, which empowered the government to restrict "the rights of habeas corpus [...] freedom of the press, the freedom to organise and assemble, the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications" and legalised search warrants and confiscation "beyond legal limits otherwise prescribed". At the cabinet meeting on 15 March, Hitler introduced the Enabling Act, which would have authorised the cabinet to enact legislation without the approval of the Reichstag. Ils apprennent à vivre avec elle mais n’y adhèrent pas. On 9 November 1918, the "German Republic" was proclaimed by MSPD member Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of Friedrich Ebert, the leader of the MSPD, who thought that the question of monarchy or republic should be answered by a national assembly. Rampant hyperinflation, massive unemployment, and a large drop in living standards were primary factors. Prominent features of this period were a growing economy and a consequent decrease in civil unrest. [26] With the affirmation of Ebert, those responsible were not tried before a court martial, leading to lenient sentences, which made Ebert unpopular among radical leftists. The Nazi Party (NSDAP) entered the Reichstag with 19% of the popular vote and made the unstable coalition system by which every chancellor had governed increasingly unworkable. 22 kg per person per year was still less than half of the 52 kg statistic in 1913, before the onset of the war. It amounted to German capitulation, without any concessions by the Allies; the naval blockade would continue until complete peace terms were agreed. Despite the change in the form of government, the official name of the state remained the same as it had been during the German Empire. This date, dubbed by the Nazis as the Machtergreifung (seizure of power), is commonly seen as the beginning of Nazi Germany. Histoire politique. While the first German Confederal Navy (Reichsflotte, 1848–1852) had proudly deployed a naval ensign based on Schwarz-Rot-Gold, the Weimar republic navy, or Reichsmarine (1918–1933) insisted on using the pre-1918 colours of the former Kaiserliche Marine (1871–1918), which were Black-White-Red, as did the German merchant marine. La République de Weimar, proclamée novembre 9, 1918, était défaite et révolution sociale au beau milieu de militaires soutenues. Many ships were scuttled and submarines and dreadnoughts were prohibited. Two hours later, a "Free Socialist Republic" was proclaimed, 2 km (1.2 mi) away, at the Berliner Stadtschloss. Because most parties opposed the new government, Papen had the Reichstag dissolved and called for new elections. Hitler's successful plan was to induce what remained of the now Communist-depleted Reichstag to grant him, and the Government, the authority to issue decrees with the force of law. The Communists' 81 seats had been empty since the Reichstag Fire Decree and other lesser known procedural measures, thus excluding their anticipated "No" votes from the balloting. MLA (7th ed.) Inter no. The passage of the Enabling Act of 1933 is widely considered to mark the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the Nazi era. [10] To the right of the spectrum, the politically engaged rejected the new democratic model and were appalled to see the honour of the traditional word Reich associated with it. In 1929, the onset of the depression in the United States of America produced a severe economic shock in Germany and was further made worse by the bankruptcy of the Austrian Creditanstalt bank. Date of birth/death: ... le chancelier du Reich Constantin Fehrenbach et les membres de gouvernement sont en train de faire acclamer la république. This was the last multi-party election of the Weimar Republic and the last multi-party all-German election for 57 years. This was against the Treaty of Versailles, which limited Germany to 100,000 soldiers and no conscription, naval forces of 15,000 men, twelve destroyers, six battleships, and six cruisers, no submarines or aircraft. République de Weimar. At the same time, in 1920, the districts of Eupen and Malmedy were transferred to Belgium (see German-Speaking Community of Belgium). Harvard (18th ed.) Most of the remaining states were formally dissolved by the Allies at the end of the Second World War and ultimately reorganised into the modern states of Germany. [citation needed]. Resentment in Germany towards the Treaty of Versailles was strong, especially on the political right where there was great anger towards those who had signed and submitted to the treaty. “Republique is some of the most entertaining and clever dystopian fiction ever realized in game form.” 8.5/10 – Polygon “Special, new, and necessary.” 8.5/10 – IGN “If you’ve never played Republique before, this is the best way to experience it.” 8/10 – Hardcore Gamer The ceremony helped convince the "old guard" Prussian military elite of Hitler's homage to their long tradition and, in turn, produced the relatively convincing view that Hitler's government had the support of Germany's traditional protector—the Army. [68] In addition, the rapid disintegration of Germany in 1919 by the return of a disillusioned army, the rapid change from possible victory in 1918 to defeat in 1919, and the political chaos may have led to extreme nationalism. [citation needed], The treaty was signed June 28, 1919 and is easily divided into four categories: territorial issues, disarmament demands, reparations, and assignment of guilt. The ensuing street fighting left several dead and injured on both sides. Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission to the League of Nations in 1926. The solidarity expressed in large, public funeral processions for those murdered, and the passage of a "Law for the Protection of the Republic [de], were intended to put a stop to the right-wing enemies of the Weimar Republic. The growing dependence on American finance was to prove fleeting, and Germany was one of the worst hit nations in the Great Depression. Ils installent à la tête du pays un président de la République  élu pour sept ans, avec de larges pouvoirs dont celui de suspendre les droits fondamentaux des citoyens et d'autoriser le chancelier (autrement dit son Premier ministre) à gouverner par décrets-lois, sans passer par un vote du Parlement ou Reichstag. He promised to respect their rights and declared that his government's "ambition is a peaceful accord between Church and State" and that he hoped "to improve [their] friendly relations with the Holy See". A Soviet republic was declared in Munich, but was quickly put down by Freikorps and remnants of the regular army. Measures with an appearance of legality suppressed the Communist Party in mid-February and included the plainly illegal arrests of Reichstag deputies. [24] In addition, undemocratic public institutions were abolished, involving, as noted by one writer, the disappearance "of the Prussian Upper House, the former Prussian Lower House that had been elected in accordance with the three-class suffrage, and the municipal councils that were also elected on the class vote".[25]. On the one hand, this agreement symbolised the acceptance of the new government by the military, assuaging concern among the middle classes; on the other hand, it was thought contrary to working-class interests by left wing social democrats and communists, and was also opposed by the far right who believed democracy would make Germany weaker. Hitler's seizure of power (Machtergreifung) brought the republic to an end. Hitler now decided to focus on legal methods of gaining power. In January, the Spartacus League and others in the streets of Berlin made more armed attempts to establish communism, known as the Spartacist uprising. Schleicher planned for a sort of labour government under his Generalship. This effectively rendered parliament as a means of enforcing constitutional checks and balances powerless. The German colonial empire was stripped and given over to Allied forces. The German railways, the National Bank and many industries were therefore mortgaged as securities for the stable currency and the loans.[35]. In 1935, two years after Hitler came to power, the Reichswehr was renamed the Wehrmacht. On 29 October, rebellion broke out in Kiel among sailors. Whether there were alternatives to this policy during the Great Depression is an open question. In a cynical and politically adroit move, Hitler bowed in apparently respectful humility before President and Field Marshal Hindenburg. The reasons for the Weimar Republic's collapse are the subject of continuing debate. Fritz-Helmut Wisch, Paul Martin and Marianne Martinson. Hitler addressed disparate interest groups, stressing the necessity for a definitive solution to the perpetual instability of the Weimar Republic. [34], Since striking workers were paid benefits by the state, much additional currency was printed, fuelling a period of hyperinflation. The National Assembly elections took place on 19 January 1919. Ludendorf and Hindenburg soon proclaimed that it was the defeatism of the civilian population that had made defeat inevitable. In part, the economic losses can also be attributed to the Allied blockade of Germany until the Treaty of Versailles. The severe food shortages improved little to none up until 1923. The republican tricolour is based on the flag that the Paulskirche Constitution of 1849 introduced, which was decided upon by the German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main, at the peak of the German civic movement that demanded parliamentary participation and unification of the German states. En janvier 1919, une Assemblée nationale a été choisie pour rédiger une constitution. Germany was forced under Article 235 to pay 20 billion gold marks, about 4.5 billion dollars by 1921. [clarification needed] As the Young Plan did not allow a devaluation of the Reichsmark, Brüning triggered a deflationary internal devaluation by forcing the economy to reduce prices, rents, salaries and wages by 20%. Ebert called for a "National Congress of Councils" (Reichsrätekongress), which took place from 16 to 20 December 1918, and in which the MSPD had the majority. Title: Une démocratie fragile : La République de Weimar Author: Facing History and Ourselves Created Date: 4/2/2020 4:21:32 PM [8] Debate continues as to whether this policy was without alternative: some argue that the Allies would not in any circumstances have allowed a devaluation of the Reichsmark, while others point to the Hoover Moratorium as a sign that the Allies understood that the situation had changed fundamentally and further German reparation payments were impossible. [66] Meanwhile, Hitler's promised written guarantee to Monsignor Kaas was being typed up, it was asserted to Kaas, and thereby Kaas was persuaded to silently deliver the Centre bloc's votes for the Enabling Act anyway. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new Soviet Union. Later that day, the first cabinet meeting was attended by only two political parties, representing a minority in the Reichstag: The Nazis and the German National People's Party (DNVP), led by Alfred Hugenberg, with 196 and 52 seats respectively. The ceremonial opening of the Reichstag on 21 March was held at the Garrison Church in Potsdam, a shrine of Prussianism, in the presence of many Junker landowners and representatives of the imperial military caste. No single reason can explain the failure of the Weimar Republic. Paul von Hindenburg became Reichspräsident in 1925. The 6 November 1932 elections yielded 33% for the Nazis,[60] two million voters fewer than in the previous election. Prior to the First World War, the constituent states of the German Empire were 22 smaller monarchies, three republican city-states and the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine. [42] Under a governmental decree of 3 February 1919, the German government met the demand of the veterans' associations that all aid for the disabled and their dependents be taken over by the central government[43] (thus assuming responsibility for this assistance) and extended into peacetime the nationwide network of state and district welfare bureaus that had been set up during the war to coordinate social services for war widows and orphans. Because the production costs in Germany were falling almost hourly, the prices for German products were unbeatable. Germany recognised the western borders that had been established through the Versaille Treaty, but its eastern borders remained subject to possible revisions. [citation needed], Princeton historian Harold James argues that there was a clear link between economic decline and people turning to extremist politics.[69]. The main advantage of this limitation, however, was that the Reichswehr could afford to pick the best recruits for service. Many German borderlands were demilitarised and allowed to self-determine. Franz von Papen stepped down and was succeeded as Chancellor (Reichskanzler) by General Kurt von Schleicher on 3 December. The Nazis in power brought almost all major organisations into line under Nazi control or direction, which was termed Gleichschaltung. The fall of the Munich Soviet Republic to these units, many of which were situated on the extreme right, resulted in the growth of far-right movements and organisations in Bavaria, including Organisation Consul, the Nazi Party, and societies of exiled Russian Monarchists. Germany owed reparations chiefly to France, Britain, Italy and Belgium; the US Treasury received $100 million. ... Weimar Germany 1919-29 revision for GCSE and IGCSE History - Duration: 11:00. Hitler and the Nazis exploited the German state's broadcasting and aviation facilities in a massive attempt to sway the electorate, but this election yielded a scant majority of 16 seats for the coalition. ... Si ses chances de réussite étaient faibles, la République de Weimar n'était pas non plus irrémédiablement vouée à l'échec, selon l'auteur. The state was officially the German Reich (Deutsches Reich), and was also referred to as the German Republic (Deutsche Republik). Jana Leichsenring, "Staatssymbole: Der Bundesadler", in: According to sources of the German national football team Schwab created the emblem for the team in 1924.