[256] On 12 October of that year, Marcus proclaimed two of his sons, Annius and Commodus, as his heirs. El fenómeno estoico en la sociedad antigua. He had a logical mind and his notes were representative of Stoic philosophy and spirituality. [177] The tutor was immensely proud of his students. [317], The Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius in Rome is the only Roman equestrian statue which has survived into the modern period. rhetorical, and unlike Epictetus’ maxims, conveyed by Arrius in strong, Attic Delivery by. color, characters, drama, pious anecdote, and emotion; a theurgic religion, Clemens was from the frontier province of Pannonia and had served in the war in Mauretania. remained low throughout the Middle Ages. also impress the reader—this reader—as sincere, which [240] When Lucius was hailed as imperator again, however, Marcus did not hesitate to take the Imperator II with him. In res litterae, the marriage of rhetoric and sincerity is as rare as The Antonine Plague broke out in 165 or 166 and devastated the population of the Roman Empire, causing the deaths of five million people. Fronto was hugely pleased. Birley believes there is some truth in these considerations. He believed Marcus was 'beginning to feel the wish to be eloquent once more, in spite of having for a time lost interest in eloquence'. Philostratus describes how even when Marcus was an old man, in the latter part of his reign, he studied under Sextus of Chaeronea: The Emperor Marcus was an eager disciple of Sextus the Boeotian philosopher, being often in his company and frequenting his house. They were called Titus Aurelius Antoninus and Tiberius Aelius Aurelius. [262] The condition on the northern frontier looked grave. Christian persecutions, more or less dormant through the reigns of Trajan, Unlike some of his predecessors, Marcus chose not to adopt an heir. [264], Starting in the 160s, Germanic tribes, and other nomadic people launched raids along the northern border, particularly into Gaul and across the Danube. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 164, citing P. Kneissl. Coins He was a man suited for a time of military crisis. It would mean the end of the felicitas temporum ('happy times') that the coinage of 161 had proclaimed. Upon his adoption by Antoninus as heir to the throne, he was known as Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus Caesar and, upon his ascension, he was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus until his death;[17] Epiphanius of Salamis, in his chronology of the Roman emperors On Weights and Measures, calls him Marcus Aurelius Verus. not a dispassionate enquiry on right conduct. Reflecting on the speech he had written on taking his consulship in 143, when he had praised the young Marcus, Fronto was ebullient: 'There was then an outstanding natural ability in you; there is now perfected excellence. seu Deus» to the notional absurdity of a Christian God-man, second person the stoic concept of freedom sketched a couple of paragraphs ago. [120] Marcus thanks Rusticus for teaching him 'not to be led astray into enthusiasm for rhetoric, for writing on speculative themes, for discoursing on moralizing texts.... To avoid oratory, poetry, and 'fine writing''.[121]. [94], A significant amount of the correspondence between Fronto and Marcus has survived. '[216], Fronto sent Marcus a selection of reading material,[218] and, to settle his unease over the course of the Parthian war, a long and considered letter, full of historical references. in the last scene of «Julius [51] While his motives are not certain, it would appear that his goal was to eventually place the then-too-young Marcus on the throne. [32] His father probably died in 124, when Marcus was three years old during his praetorship. Stoic freedom His children included Lucilla, who married Lucius, and Commodus, whose succession after Marcus has been a subject of debate among both contemporary and modern historians. In the 19th century, with the industrial [319] This may be due to it being wrongly identified during the Middle Ages as a depiction of the Christian emperor Constantine the Great, and spared the destruction which statues of pagan figures suffered. [231] Marcus moved up the date; perhaps he had already heard of Lucius's mistress Panthea. [44] A new set of tutors – the Homeric scholar Alexander of Cotiaeum along with Trosius Aper and Tuticius Proculus, teachers of Latin[45][note 3] – took over Marcus's education in about 132 or 133. Marcus may have wanted Civica to watch over Lucius, the job Libo had failed at. necessity. It is said that Le Livre Doré de Marc Aurèle demanded eleven years of work from the author and met with great success upon publication. Because both Lucius and Marcus are said to have taken active part in the recovery (, Since 15 AD, the river had been administered by a Tiber Conservancy Board, with a consular senator at its head and a permanent staff. Cependant, une anecdote de lâHistoire Auguste tend à démontrer que, de manière générale, le bassin était également le siège du désir chez les femmes. 'Han Foreign Relations', in Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe (eds), This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 02:17. In 161, the. Stoicism influenced Christianity. The persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire appears to have increased during Marcus's reign, but his involvement in this is unknown. facts and the internal subjective world of value in the stoic universe; the One notorious case brought him into conflict with Atticus. Les petites anecdotes historiques d'un philosophe voïageur a l'empereur Marc Auréle aux Champs Elisés - Ebook written by . The Marc Aurele family name was found in the USA in 1920. "It is an ⦠The company says its business has been walloped of late from "historically bad" coal markets and the coronavirus pandemic. The boy did not survive long, as evidenced by coins from 156, only depicting the two girls. Robin Hard, author of Meditations, on LibraryThing. His campaigns against Germans and Sarmatians were also commemorated by a column and a temple built in Rome. Taking Victorian liberties with history, Matthew Arnold The major sources depicting the life and rule of Marcus are patchy and frequently unreliable. In contrast to their behaviour during Antoninus's campaign to deify Hadrian, the senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. Warfare Another daughter was born on 7 March 150, Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla. Maecianus was recalled, made senator, and appointed prefect of the treasury (aerarium Saturni). notion of Christian logomachy—providence, universal brotherhood, The Meditations were He was made consul soon after. Farquharson, «The Meditations» …, 2 vols., Oxford, 1944, is the leading contemporary scholar of the Emperor [276][277][278] In addition to Republican-era Roman glasswares found at Guangzhou along the South China Sea,[279] Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus and perhaps even Marcus have been found at Óc Eo, Vietnam, then part of the Kingdom of Funan near the Chinese province of Jiaozhi (in northern Vietnam). [193] Vologases entered the Kingdom of Armenia (then a Roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own – Pacorus, an Arsacid like himself. He had kept his teachers on good terms, following them devotedly. of villages and mores in the name of laissez-faire, the Emperor had really A.S.L. to what degree this or that notion of the Emperor adumbrates this or that The original title of this work, if it had one, is unknown. 186–91. [127] He quoted from the Iliad what he called the 'briefest and most familiar saying...enough to dispel sorrow and fear':[128]. [192] One of those kings, Vologases IV of Parthia, made his move in late summer or early autumn 161. [147], After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus was effectively sole ruler of the Empire. of the State, and the cosmic order, or «logos», of divine nature. The infants were buried in the Mausoleum of Hadrian, where their epitaphs survive. [225] Critics declaimed Lucius's luxurious lifestyle,[226] saying that he had taken to gambling, would 'dice the whole night through',[227] and enjoyed the company of actors. that, in the deity-talk of the period, the Emperor translates into the will [171] At the ceremonies commemorating the event, new provisions were made for the support of poor children, along the lines of earlier imperial foundations. Marcus and his cousin-wife Faustina had at least 13 children during their 30-year marriage,[123][303] including two sets of twins. is no mean feat, considering how well written many of its entries seem to He and Faustina, Marcus wrote, had been 'pretty occupied' with the girl's care. [118] He was older than Fronto and twenty years older than Marcus. G. Puente-Ojea (Ideología [105] Marcus pleaded with Fronto, first with 'advice', then as a 'favour', not to attack Atticus; he had already asked Atticus to refrain from making the first blows. [235] Marcus may have planned to accompany them all the way to Smyrna (the biographer says he told the senate he would), but this did not happen. He seeks En tant qu'empereur, il se fait appeler Cæsar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus. [280][note 17] Roman coins from the reigns of Tiberius to Aurelian have been found in Xi'an, China (site of the Han capital Chang'an), although the far greater amount of Roman coins in India suggests the Roman maritime trade for purchasing Chinese silk was centred there, not in China or even the overland Silk Road running through Persia. Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. [77] He was required to make a speech to the assembled senators as well, making oratorical training essential for the job. As the heir apparent, Marcus became princeps iuventutis, head of the equestrian order. There has been far too much His master, he writes to Fronto, was an unpleasant blowhard, and had made 'a hit at' him: 'It is easy to sit yawning next to a judge, he says, but to be a judge is noble work'. His father was Marcus Annius Verus (III). In modern editions of Fronto's works, it is labeled De bello Parthico (On the Parthian War). He had been consul once more than Lucius, he had shared in Antoninus's rule, and he alone was Pontifex Maximus. for which his soul longed; they were near him, they brushed him, he touched Languages sybaritic freedom; a notion of freedom that Marketing plays with in order Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. The Emperor, however, was not a pagan in 'The Roman Empire as Known to Han China'. [267], The Costoboci, coming from the Carpathian area, invaded Moesia, Macedonia, and Greece. If a saint, of what Church, one would ask, since the Emperor held As Antoninus aged, Marcus would take on more administrative duties, more still when he became the praetorian prefect (an office that was as much secretarial as military) when Marcus Gavius Maximus died in 156 or 157. [70] At the senate's request, Marcus joined all the priestly colleges (pontifices, augures, quindecimviri sacris faciundis, septemviri epulonum, etc. The Dacias were still divided in three, governed by a praetorian senator and two procurators. Marcus's grandfather owned a palace beside the Lateran, where he would spend much of his childhood. [84], After taking the toga virilis in 136, Marcus probably began his training in oratory. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 156. Some Germanic tribes who settled in Ravenna revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. [ˈmaːrkʊs̠ au̯ˈreːlijʊs̠ an̪t̪oːˈniːnʊs̠], persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, Last Words of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, "De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families", Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 'Marcus Aurelius: Plato's Philosopher King', 'Column of Marcus Aurelius: Overall view, of base and column', 'The Columns of Trajan and Marcus Aurelius', Epiphanius' Treatise on Weights and Measures – The Syriac Version, Modern Stoicism: A Case for a Philosopher-King, The Thoughts of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Aurelius&oldid=994697323, Articles with dead external links from October 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox philosopher with embed equal yes, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW, Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, Tiberius Aelius Antoninus (born 152, died before 156), Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (161–165), elder twin brother of Commodus, dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships. [221] Lucius's biographer suggests ulterior motives: to restrain Lucius's debaucheries, to make him thrifty, to reform his morals by the terror of war, and to realize that he was an emperor. 'When Glass Was Treasured in China'. It was too sophisticated. Do I not know that you went to Alsium with the intention of devoting yourself to games, joking, and complete leisure for four whole days? [239] At the end of the year, Lucius took the title Armeniacus, despite having never seen combat; Marcus declined to accept the title until the following year. The Parthian army dispersed in the Tigris. The gods, after all, are, quintessentially, value metaphors. We modern men do not share with Pascal may have been its last major intellectual. Lucius asked Fronto to adjudicate in a dispute he and his friend Calpurnius were having on the relative merits of two actors. Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius, broke out in Southern Gaul during the last years But the influence was [248], In 165, Roman forces moved on Mesopotamia. [167][note 11] Aside from the fact that the twins shared Caligula's birthday, the omens were favorable, and the astrologers drew positive horoscopes for the children. [9], Marcus was born in Rome on 26 April 121. He was stronger and healthier than Marcus, the argument went, and thus more suited to military activity. He attempts to formulate the congruence between them and to translate [169] The births were celebrated on the imperial coinage. to Edward Gibbon, who borrows words from Marc Antony’s panegyric to Brutus Ancient History & General Roman History Links, including maps the wind scatters some on the face of the ground; Pater's "Marius the Epicurean" forms another outside commentary, which is of service in the imaginative attempt to create again the period. "[299], In the first two centuries of the Christian era, it was local Roman officials who were largely responsible for the persecution of Christians. [94][note 6] He did not care much for Atticus, though Marcus was eventually to put the pair on speaking terms. as the junction point of both worlds—Manvs and Nature’s. strictly one way. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', p. 68. [214] Marcus could not take Fronto's advice. Julia Balbilla a possible lover of Sabina: A. R. Birley (1997). [164] (Marcus had little need of his wife's fortune. [52] As part of his adoption, Commodus took the name, Lucius Aelius Caesar. spirituality, if the terms is applicable—in spite of all appearances, According to Hays, the book was a favourite of Christina of Sweden, Frederick the Great, John Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, and Goethe, and is admired by modern figures such as Wen Jiabao and Bill Clinton. [174] Lucius Volusius Maecianus, Marcus's former tutor, had been prefectural governor of Egypt at Marcus's accession. Lower Moesia was filled by Pontius Laelianus's son. [18], Marcus's paternal family was of Roman Italo-Hispanic origins. Then, like every new emperor since Claudius, Lucius promised the troops a special donative. Articles & Essays by Members & Friends Each one presupposes a culture. [285] Raoul McLaughlin writes that the travel of Roman subjects to the Han Chinese court in 166 may have started a new era of Roman–Far East trade. As the biographer wrote, 'No one missed the lenient ways of Pius'. Shakespeare. Meditations is still revered as a literary monument to a government of service and duty. ought into fact. Convalescent in his villa at Tivoli, he selected Lucius Ceionius Commodus, Marcus's intended father-in-law, as his successor and adopted son,[50] according to the biographer 'against the wishes of everyone'. [232] Lucilla's thirteenth birthday was in March 163; whatever the date of her marriage, she was not yet fifteen. Hegel puts his finger on Stoicism’s It had conveyed the drama of the disaster, and the senate had been awed: 'Not more suddenly or violently was the city stirred by the earthquake than the minds of your hearers by your speech'. Marcus Aurelius’ stock [182] Soon, however, he would find he had many anxieties. [293], Marcus acquired the reputation of a philosopher king within his lifetime, and the title would remain after his death; both Dio and the biographer call him 'the philosopher'. Delivery by. Historians have criticized the succession to Commodus, citing Commodus's erratic behaviour and lack of political and military acumen. He kept in close correspondence with Fronto for many years afterwards. [101] His prayers for Fronto's health were more than conventional, because Fronto was frequently ill; at times, he seems to be an almost constant invalid, always suffering[102] – about one-quarter of the surviving letters deal with the man's sicknesses. [124] Domitia would die in 151. Lucius Dasumius Tullius Tuscus, a distant relative of Hadrian, was in Upper Pannonia, succeeding the experienced Marcus Nonius Macrinus. His condition did not improve, and he abandoned the diet prescribed by his doctors, indulging himself in food and drink. [253] Lucius took the title Parthicus Maximus, and he and Marcus were hailed as imperatores again, earning the title 'imp. Blaise was taken as representing the Emperor Theodosius, a Christian. surfaced in the writings of a Byzantine bishop, who had made a copy of the Newsletter My Account Size Chart Marc Aurel B2B-Downloads 4: 27). Numerous members of Germanic tribes settled in frontier regions like Dacia, Pannonia, Germany, and Italy itself. [150] Thus, although the senate planned to confirm Marcus alone, he refused to take office unless Lucius received equal powers. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 164. [161], A possible contact with Han China occurred in 166 when a Roman traveller visited the Han court, claiming to be an ambassador representing a certain Andun (Chinese: 安 敦), ruler of Daqin, who can be identified either with Marcus or his predecessor Antoninus. Modern scholars have not offered as positive an assessment. But whether or not Marcus ought to have known this to be so, the rejections of his son's claims in favour of someone else would almost certainly have involved one of the civil wars which were to proliferate so disastrously around future successions. Découvrez les avancements des travaux ! Modern man ignores Mnemosyne and the sacred functions of her daughters. It was the only thing the biographer could find fault with in Marcus's entire boyhood. New [145] He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. Robin Hard, author of Meditations, on LibraryThing. According to McLaughlin, the disease caused 'irreparable' damage to the Roman maritime trade in the Indian Ocean as proven by the archaeological record spanning from Egypt to India, as well as significantly decreased Roman commercial activity in Southeast Asia. A first invasion of the Chatti in the province of Germania Superior was repulsed in 162. '[212] He encouraged Marcus to rest, calling on the example of his predecessors (Antoninus had enjoyed exercise in the palaestra, fishing, and comedy),[213] going so far as to write up a fable about the gods' division of the day between morning and evening – Marcus had apparently been spending most of his evenings on judicial matters instead of at leisure. Barnes, Timothy D. 'Legislation against the Christians'. The intelligentsia of the Church Jeannette Perreault is a passionate Canadian painter who has exhibited her work nationally. It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda. [2] The later biographies and the biographies of subordinate emperors and usurpers are unreliable, but the earlier biographies, derived primarily from now-lost earlier sources (Marius Maximus or Ignotus), are much more accurate. selfish), willful, and Though the anecdotes of his life have the brittle quality of hagiography, Marcus displayed a consistent pattern of somber reserve and distaste for lesser mortals. The peace could not hold long; Lower Pannonia did not even have a legion. [123] The first mention of Domitia in Marcus's letters reveals her as a sickly infant. revolution, the flowering of unbridled capitalism, and the wholesale destruction [275] In 168, he revalued the denarius, increasing the silver purity from 79% to 82% – the actual silver weight increasing from 2.57–2.67 g (0.091–0.094 oz). [72], Antoninus demanded that Marcus reside in the House of Tiberius, the imperial palace on the Palatine, and take up the habits of his new station, the aulicum fastigium or 'pomp of the court', against Marcus's objections. Massachusetts had the highest population of Marc Aurele families in 1920. The First Apology of Justin Martyr, Chapter LXVIII. We have lost Ariadne’s thread that would lead us from our secular, monstrous [54][note 4], On 24 January 138, Hadrian selected Aurelius Antoninus, the husband of Marcus's aunt Faustina the Elder, as his new successor. [133], Lucius started his political career as a quaestor in 153. London: Routledge, 1968. But that ulcer [...][note 5] I am having treatment and taking care not to do anything that interferes with it'. Dio adds that from Marcus's first days as counsellor to Antoninus to his final days as emperor of Rome, "he remained the same [person] and did not change in the least. [76] He was being 'fitted for ruling the state', in the words of his biographer. ', and 'The happiness of your life depends upon the quality of your thoughts.' Dio is vital for the military history of the period, but his senatorial prejudices and strong opposition to imperial expansion obscure his perspective.
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