The concentration of sugar production in fewer, larger refineries, led to the consolidation of estates and to the creation of agricultural corporations where many land owners were merely growers, whereas refinery owners gained more and more power, even though the latter remained fragile, as witnessed by the number of refineries that became bankrupt. (of clothing, furnishings, etc.) déserter les plantations ou à succomber à des épidémies du fait des conditions de vie trop difficiles. n. A dwelling on a farm. Later, larger-sized units became more common: conglomerates that covered greater areas of land, providing sugar cane to enlarged renovated factories using more and more mechanised techniques for agriculture. Saint-Gilles-Les-Hauts To trace them, we need to go back well before the birth of the Sugar Islands, exploring a chapter of history that has often been neglected, but which enables us to understand the relationship between a form of production and certain aspects of a specific society, more specifically the link between sugar estates and slavery. While in the West Indies and in Mauritius, the gap between white people and people of other colours was clear, on Reunion Island there were many social and ethnic transitions. It was the source of control over the society, where, depending on the place and time, relations were marked by authoritarianism and paternalism. In Mauritius, this involved the division of plots for the benefit of small-scale growers, who were then forced to continue sugar-cane production, or, as in Reunion island, a system of sharecropping that kept the growers dependent on the landowners. This automatically led to what George Beckford, an analyst specialised in plantation societies, defined as ‘persistent poverty’, an unavoidable form of poverty for the rest of the population for the reason that “everywhere (the plantations) occupy the best land, pushing away farmers to the limits of the mountains, the consequences almost always being a division of the plots and a very low standard of living for the farmers”. Various innovations enabled refinery-owners to process more and more sugar cane, encouraging monoculture at the expense of all other crops. Les bas salaires et une protection sociale minimale des travailleurs des plantations ont été à la base de la rentabilité des plantations. To this day, certain family estates remain the foundation of sugar production. This ‘earth-chopping machine’ (machine à hacher la terre), as Jean Mas called it, operated until 1785, when the initial property ended up being divided into eight unequal parallel strips. de 9h30 à 12h30 et de 13h30 à 17h30. Plantation definition: A plantation is a large piece of land, especially in a tropical country, where crops such... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Mostly, however, these elements were interwoven and exchanged within the habitations and integrated into the many facets of the Creole culture (language, arts, family relations, food, etc.). Protectionist policies and natural comparative advantage have sometimes contributed to determining where plantations are located. The development of the plantation and the related infrastructure in the island’s provinces, therefore, is relatively more advanced than those in other parts of Indonesia. Then came the critical event, leading to the final downfall: in 1946, Reunion Island became a fully-fledged French ‘département’ (equivalent to a county). AB ARES produces reports under the auspices of the NPI. A type of chain or bead necklace. Also, Reunion island can be seen as a sort of target, with the volcano as a red dot in its centre, surrounded by a first circle of scattered mountain habitations, and then a second circle, limited by the sea, where the towns are concentrated and the vast agricultural areas are set out in tiers between the mountains and the sea. What’s The Difference Between “Yule” And “Christmas”? vie dans les plantations. Les Romains, les Égyptiens, les Carthaginois capturent et achètent des esclaves. Supplant definition, to take the place of (another), as through force, scheming, strategy, or the like. The economic organisation of the plantation influenced the whole structure of the society, as the plantation literally became its matrix, characterized by certain fundamental attributes: 107. Slavery, condition in which one human being was owned by another. L'esclavage est la condition de personnes, en général de travailleurs, qui « appartiennent » à quelqu'un (le maître), et qui doivent lui obéir en tout. A.− Personne qui n'est pas de condition libre et se trouve sous la dépendance absolue d'un maître dont elle est la propriété. Oil palm plantations are currently concentrated in the Island of Sumatra, and historically are dated back to the Dutch colonial era. Ainsi des plantations comme celles produisant du sucre et du rhum dans les Caraïbes et au Brésil , le tabac dans les 13 colonies et le coton dans le sud des États-Unis ont utilisé l' esclavage comme mode dominant de gestion des populations ouvrières. Photograph.Jean Legros (1920-2004) private fund. This social structure thus formed further exacerbated the contrast between a social class, in a minority, the sugar-cane growers and refinery owners who possessed most of the land, and the rest of the population. Les esclaves citadines travaillaient comme domestiques, vendeuses, blanchisseuses et couturières. 33. This is the society we should try to understand, both its structure and its mechanisms, from the history that has created it to the internal and external relations that have shaped it. [1950-1960]. La traite atlantique : échange de marchandises contre des captifs en Afrique, puis déportation de ces captifs vers les colonies d’Amérique, où ils sont vendus et deviennent esclaves des colons européens. Slavery and enslavement are the state and condition of being a slave, who is someone forbidden to quit their service for another person and is treated like property. The crops that are grown include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar cane, opium, sisal, oil seeds, oil palms, fruits, rubber trees and forest trees. There still remain networks linking family members of plantation owners, the urban economic elite and members of the professions. Définitions Définitions juridiques. ‘The plantation produces both conifers and deciduous trees for the Christmas tree and landscape markets.’ ‘You can see tree plantations all over the place with small agricultural strips of land and a few houses.’ ‘Between banana plantations however are large areas unsuited for their cultivation.’ However, the question seems more complex and deserves to be examined, for different reasons. The abolition of slavery was not synonymous with the abolition of plantations, and the agricultural land made available for the settlement of the newly-freed population corresponds to Beckford’s analysis. Le cadre africain. Par exemple, Jules César, lors de la conquête de la Gaule, capture de nombreux Gaulois qui deviennent des esclaves. Learn more. Plantation : définition, synonymes, citations, traduction dans le dictionnaire de la langue française. Le travail des esclavages dans les plantations Publié le 19 mars 2012 par les collègiens de Balzac 1) L'arrivée en Amérique: Une fois arrivés sur les côtes américaines, les esclaves survivants étaient vendus. N'oubliez pas de donner des indications de lieu (5 pts) 1) Présenter le document (nature, ... le commerce humain et l'esclavage. plantation \plɑ̃.ta.sjɔ̃\ féminin (Agriculture) Action de planter.Les cannes flèchent au mois d'août, c'est-à-dire, vers le dixième mois de leur plantation ; au moment de la floraison la canne est creuse; aussi se garde-t-on bien de la récolter à cette époque ; […]. Definition of plantation noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. L'esclavage est l'état d'une personne qui se trouve sous la dépendance absolue d'un maître qui a la possibilité de l'utiliser comme un bien matériel. 6 Anne Pérotin-Dumon, après avoir étudié la période révolutionnaire en Guadeloupe14, a changé le regard sur l’esclavage, auparavant essentiellement centré sur les plantations, en étudiant deux villes guadeloupéennes15. A slave was considered by law as property, or chattel, and was deprived of most of the rights ordinarily held by free persons. So Henry Burns led off on the plantation melody, and the brothers joined in with a will. Aux frontières de l’islam (1400-1600) La traite d’esclaves au Moyen Âge : la frontière africaine. Social mobility and permeability, far from fixing in the society a dominant portion of the population, which remained partially open, enabled some members to rise and others to fall. Le mot est apparu à Venise à une époque où les esclaves étaient pour la plupart des Slaves des Balkans, d'une région devenue la "Slavonie". Désigne un terrain planté de cultures, en général une grande exploitation, pour plantation forestière, utiliser "forêt plantée". Reunion Island has the advantage of being what one could consider an easy ‘object’ to define: since it is far from large, it is possible to approach the entire society without becoming dispersed in the study of vast territories. What she declared was virtually an order: “My dearest wish is that this property and the slaves related to it will never fall into a stranger’s hands”. The People’s Choice 2020 Word Of The Year: 2020 Was A $#@#%%$@! PLANTATIONS. Plantation, a usually large estate in a tropical or subtropical region that is cultivated by unskilled or semiskilled labour under central direction. slavery définition, signification, ce qu'est slavery: 1. the activity of legally owning other people who are forced to work for or obey you: 2. the…. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. First of all, for far longer than the West Indies, Reunion island was a plantation society that remained external to the sugarcane trade and its consequences. Over a long period, the racial and cultural consequences of a merciless hierarchy forced them to bend under the weight of a disdain they learnt to share, which led to a ‘racialization’ of the society that can be witnessed through many facets of the social life and the values linked to various elements of culture, particularly in the West Indies. These companies departed more and more from the ancient plantation structure, becoming modern industrial structures the management of which often led to the demise of agricultural activity and necessitated selling the land to invest in tourism and commercial activities: the plantation society as such had ceased to exist. PLANTATIONS. Apart from this phenomenon of land concentration, over the years, competition between the most efficient structures led many refineries to close down, with ever-increasing concentration and following a momentum where the agro-industrial activity of sugar-cane plantations prefigured the emergence of industrial capitalism. Ces cultures sont, par exemple, le coton, la canne à sucre, le café, la banane, l'ananas, l'Aloe vera, le teck, le cacao, la coca, le chanvre, le pavot, l'hévéa, le sisal, l'indigotier (Indigofera tinctoria), le poivre, le tabac, les fleurs ou la vanille. Cet article examine la définition de la notion d’esclavage contemporain adoptée par le droit brésilien, retraçant ses origines à partir des premiers contrôles effectués à l’intérieur du pays au milieu des années 1990. Là, l'esclave étoit hors de la loi commune à tous les citoyens, hors de la société par conséquent (Bonald, Législ. Economic viability requires the refinery to receive a continuous supply of fresh sugar cane adapted to its processing capacities, which encourages the growing of sugar cane at the expense of any other crop. One plantation contained three thousand acres of land, but was said to be very old and worn out. However, for a long time, the former powers and structures buffered the consequences. English Language Learners Definition of plantation. Réduits en esclavage, ils travaillent sous la contrainte, dans des conditions le plus souvent très dures : en moyenne, l’espérance de vie d’un esclave de plantation ne dépasse pas dix ans. Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012. a large farm or estate in a tropical or semitropical zone, for the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugarcane, etc., typically by enslaved, unpaid, or low-wage resident laborers. Les marchandises produites par les esclaves (sucre, café, cacao, coton, tabac…) sont exportées vers l’Europe pour y … There was a labourer working at a fence round a plantation, on the borders of the grounds. Ainsi des plantations comme celles produisant du sucre et du rhum dans les Caraïbes et au Brésil, le tabac dans les Treize colonies et le coton dans le sud des États-Unis ont utilisé l'esclavage comme mode dominant de gestion des populations ouvrières. L'Abolition de l'Esclavage c'était en 1848 et pourtant en 2018... #EnLibyecestpasfini Facebook : @ShirleySouagnonOfficiel Insta : @shirley_souagnon Twitter : @ShirleySouagnon. This automatically led to what George Beckford, an analyst specialised in plantation societies, defined as ‘persistent poverty’, an unavoidable form of poverty for the rest of the population for the reason that “everywhere (the plantations) occupy the best land, pushing away farmers to the limits of the mountains, the consequences almost always being a division of the plots and a very low standard of living for the … 4. 2, 1802, p. 14). “Affect” vs. “Effect”: Use The Correct Word Every Time. In social and political life, traces of the persistence of relations of hierarchy/dependency/revolt towards those who represent authority are still evident, as well as in land management and the distribution of dwellings: some neighbourhoods are the direct remains of former ‘camps’, whereas some scattered traditional Creole houses bear witness to the practice of sharecropping. Plantation agriculture Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Apparently, the island seemed to fit the definition. L'esclave ne coûtait alors que son prix d'achat et le prix de la nourriture qu'il consommait. From the start, Reunion Island would seem to such travellers to be very close to what they might have known and studied in other plantation territories, such as Martinique, Marie-Galante and Guadeloupe. 2 L’esclavage agricole 4. She wished her heirs, generation after generation, to keep the property intact, as a singe unit, and “develop it together and undivided for as long as possible”. suitable for a plantation or for a tropical or semitropical country. What could be defined as the end of the plantation society, however, both in its economic foundations and in the most visible forms of its social power, meant the disappearance neither of its remains, nor of its scars. Other remains of the plantation society are more pervasive and subtle: in the social stratification or access to the leading roles in the society. First recorded in 1400–50; late Middle English, Dictionary.com Unabridged La décision judiciaire 3. In a system of marked vertical integration, each member lived with his or her superior, present on the estate itself. 1 Le commerce 5. Mississippi was “probably the worst, because of its plantation aristocracy.”. Il commence par une phrase d’introduction qui reprend la question posée.Puis tu retournes à la ligne et expose tes idées, arguments et exemples. See more. However, after the creation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem following the Crusades, the production of sugar cane was introduced to the Indian Ocean region and to the Mediterranean islands. Sugar cane originated in New Guinea and its production developed in the south of India, where, for a long time, small family production was preponderant (the word ‘sugar’ comes from the Tamil language). plantation meaning: 1. a large farm, especially in a hot part of the world, on which a particular type of crop is…. Ce commerce maritime mondial a transformé petit à petit toutes les sociétés qu'il touchait. … Located in northern California, the Plantation Farm Camp takes everything back to the basics. CONSIGNE. Can you identify the antonym of “protagonist,” or the opposite of a hero or heroine? A protagonist is the main character of a story, or the lead. Les bas salaires et une protection sociale minimale des travailleurs des plantations ont été à la base de la rentabilité des plantations. L'agriculture de plantation privilégie la monoculture de plantes tropicales pluriannuelles et fait appel à une main-d'œuvre à bas-salaire (à l'esclavage autrefois) mais ce n'est pas une règle. As the large companies did not make sugar a priority of their economic logic, it became obvious that the capital from the land would be more profitably put to other uses. Plantation definition, a large farm or estate in a tropical or semitropical zone, for the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugarcane, etc., typically by enslaved, unpaid, or low-wage resident laborers. Rappel : - un paragraphe commence par un retrait de deux carreaux. The estate, which produced the dominant minority, ruling over the economic life of the island, was not only a production unit, but also a social unit where workers, owners and officials all lived together. Introduction. En savoir plus. Definition of plantation noun in Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. Technical progress and the bold choices of certain company directors, inspired by the example of Mauritius, where plantations had survived the hazards of independence, appeared to ensure a real future for the plantation society. Une plantation ou habitation : grande exploitation de production agricole tropicale. 3 Les abandons d’enfants 3. - L’esclavage et l’économie de plantation. [Reunion Island – Saint-Louis : aerial view of the Gol sugar factory and distillery.Jean Legros. Thus, the relationship between sugarcane/plantation/slavery developed on the basis of an economic logic that was part of a long history. Located in the ‘Place de l’appel du 18 juin’, … Continue reading "Monument to Slavery" © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins However, we can now appreciate the extent to which changing the rules in a society that used to function thanks to the massive introduction of sugar would lead to the emergence of a new society structure. At the basis of this system were the family ‘estates’ (‘l’habitation’ in French, a word that remains in some forms of the Creole language), a basic unit of exploitation that pre-existed sugar cane. Learn more about the history, legality, and sociology of slavery in this article. Esclave nègre, noir; une esclave chrétienne; vendre comme esclave. Plusieurs textes internationaux ont tenté de définir la notion d'esclavage. All this was aimed at turning the estate into the perfect example of what most people in Martinique, Reunion island or Mauritius aspired to – generally in vain. Why Do “Left” And “Right” Mean Liberal And Conservative? The story of the estate which today has become the Historical Museum of de Villèle in Saint-Gilles-les-Hauts is a perfect example. 1 Bl. This link then grew with the development of what was called the ‘plantation society’, taking on racial connotations, since slaves and masters had different origins. This structure gives even more focus to any observation carried out. – An abundant, cheap and readily available labour force. In general this is a remix of chess, checkers and corners. The plantation society was solidly in the hands of a dynamic social group of people who set themselves up as the spokespersons of the economic life of the island, thanks to the support of carefully-chosen members of the local government bodies. Caractéristiques : Être obligé de faire un travail qu’on n’aime pas pour gagner sa vie n’est pas de l’esclavage (il y a bien eu consentement au départ). Colonies, (q.v.) The deep inequalities of the system (through slavery, indentured workers or the rural proletariat) were supported by an ideology that claimed to legitimize these through the origins of each individual.