According to Dr. Gregory Stanton, lawyer and president of Genocide Watch: ... every human being having the capacity for both good and evil. Les historiens sont unanimes pour souligner la beauté de la ville. British historian Antony Beevor wrote that Dresden was considered relatively safe, having been spared previous RAF night attacks, and that at the time of the raids there were up to 300,000 refugees in the area seeking sanctuary from the advancing Red Army from the Eastern Front. [24] On 25 January, the Joint Intelligence Committee supported the idea, as it tied in with the Ultra-based intelligence that dozens of German divisions deployed in the west were moving to reinforce the Eastern Front, and that interdiction of these troop movements should be a "high priority. [158] In 2010, several demonstrations by organizations opposing the far-right blocked a demonstration of far-right organizations. [c][56] Wing Commander Maurice Smith, flying in a Mosquito, gave the order to the Lancasters: "Controller to Plate Rack Force: Come in and bomb glow of red target indicators as planned. [2] An estimated 22,700[3] to 25,000[4] people were killed. [103], One of the journalists asked whether the principal aim of bombing Dresden would be to cause confusion among the refugees or to blast communications carrying military supplies. The inquiry declared the elimination of the German ability to reinforce a counter-attack against Marshal Konev's extended line or, alternatively, to retreat and regroup using Dresden as a base of operations, were important military objectives. At a press briefing held by the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force two days after the raids, British Air Commodore Colin McKay Grierson told journalists: First of all they (Dresden and similar towns) are the centres to which evacuees are being moved. We use cookies and similar tools to enhance your shopping experience, to provide our services, understand how customers use our services so we can make improvements, and display ads. [89], Between 100,000 and 200,000 refugees[90] fleeing westward from advancing Soviet forces were in the city at the time of the bombing. On possède des observations de telles tempêtes de feu pour le bombardement de Coventry par l'Allemagne, celui de Hambourg[36] (opération Gomorrhe), et pour les bombardements atomiques d'Hiroshima et Nagasaki. I cannot forget these terrible details. Le fait aussi que le bombardement de Dresde qui a finalement était choisi pour l'opération de destruction soit constitué en deux parties avec des obus à retardement est beaucoup plus instructif et passionnant. Le bombardement de Dresde, qui eut lieu du 13 au 15 février 1945, détruisit presque entièrement la ville allemande de Dresde. The RAF also had an advantage over the Germans in the field of electronic radar countermeasures. [60] The Pathfinders therefore decided to expand the target, dropping flares on either side of the firestorm, including the Hauptbahnhof, the main train station, and the Großer Garten, a large park, both of which had escaped damage during the first raid. It was estimated that at least 23% of the city's industrial buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. One way or another, I got two or three dollars for every person killed. [7] These factories manufactured fuses and bombsights (at Zeiss Ikon A.G.),[138] aircraft components, anti-aircraft guns, field guns, and small arms, poison gas, gears and differentials, electrical and X-ray apparatus, electric gauges, gas masks, Junkers aircraft engines, and Messerschmitt fighter cockpit parts. This is a doctrine to which I could never subscribe. The raid did not use extraordinary means but was comparable to other raids used against comparable targets. The next set of aircraft to leave England were twin-engined Mosquito marker planes, which would identify target areas and drop 1,000-pound (450 kg) target indicators (TIs)"[50] that created a red glow for the bombers to aim at. By this point in the war, the Luftwaffe was severely hampered by a shortage of both pilots and aircraft fuel; the German radar system was also degraded, lowering the warning time to prepare for air attacks. [37] Nonetheless, according to some historians, the contribution of Dresden to the German war effort may not have been as significant as the planners thought. En 1949, voulant apporter son témoignage, le photographe Richard Peter, habitant de Dresde, publie Dresden, eine Kamera klagt an (Dresde, un appareil photo accuse)[40]. [83] Almost 200 factories were damaged, 136 seriously (including several of the Zeiss Ikon precision optical engineering works), 28 with medium to serious damage, and 35 with light damage. Buy Dresde Apocalypse DVD, Blu-ray online at lowest price in India at Amazon.in. The fan-shaped area that was bombed was 1.25 miles (2.01 km) long, and at its extreme about 1.75 miles (2.82 km) wide. As one of the directors of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey, formed late in the war by the American Office of Strategic Services to assess the results of the aerial bombardments of Nazi Germany, he wrote: "The incredible cruelty of the attack on Dresden when the war had already been won—and the death of children, women, and civilians—that was extremely weighty and of no avail". D'autres considèrent que tous les moyens devaient être utilisés pour mettre fin le plus rapidement à la guerre et en définitive, épargner des vies humaines. She carries a bundle in her arms. Meilleur commentaire critique . "[166] Dyson later goes on to say: "Since the beginning of the war I had been retreating step by step from one moral position to another, until at the end I had no moral position at all". But they are strategically justified in so far as they tend to shorten the war and preserve the lives of Allied soldiers. [140], In late July 1943, the city of Hamburg was bombed in Operation Gomorrah by combined RAF and USAAF strategic bomber forces. (, This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 16:07. Ver más ideas sobre Dresde, Bombardeo de dresde, Holocausto. (Today I know that these unfortunate people were the victims of lack of oxygen.) De plus, la ville était appelée par la propagande « Lazarett-Stadt » (la ville-hôpital) avec 22 hôpitaux, des écoles et bâtiments publics convertis pour soigner les blessés du front, ayant été ajoutés aux grands hôpitaux[16] de la ville. Le gouvernement nazi utilisa ce bombardement à des fins de propagande. Comparaison concernant les sept plus grandes villes allemandes, La question récurrente du « crime de guerre » ; les responsabilités, Le bombardement de Dresde dans la culture, « Il me semble que le moment est venu de remettre en question le bombardement des villes allemandes dans le but d'accroître la terreur, tout en invoquant d'autres prétextes… la destruction de Dresde constitue un sérieux doute sur la conduite des bombardements alliés ». The Americans only came the following day to plow over the rubble. His studio having burned in the attack with his life's work, Rudolph immediately set out to record the destruction, systematically drawing block after block, often repeatedly to show the progress of clearing or chaos that ensued in the ruins. DK’s største udvalg af designerlamper. By now, the thousands of fires from the burning city could be seen more than 60 miles (97 km) away on the ground, and 500 miles (800 km) away in the air, with smoke rising to 15,000 feet (4,600 m). [81] As a result, most people took shelter in their cellars, but one of the air raid precautions the city had taken was to remove the thick cellar walls between rows of buildings and replace them with thin partitions that could be knocked through in an emergency. Amazon.ca - Buy Dresde Apocalypse at a low price; free shipping on qualified orders. "Dresden: The wounds have healed but the scars still show", http://fpp.co.uk/History/General/Dresden/Dr_Neueste_Nachr250105.html, "14 February 1945: Thousands of bombs destroy Dresden", The Fire-bombing of Dresden: An Eyewitness Account, Falsification of statistics: The real TB 47, (vii) Further misuse of figures: refugees, burials, and excavations, "British Bombing Strategy in World War Two", US Strategic Bombing Surveys (European War, Pacific War),(Air University Press, 1987), pages 3 and 12, "Gesellschaft Historischer Neumarkt Dresden "Bürgerbegehren - (Citizen's Request)". Skip to main content. I efteråret 1944 og i vinteren 1944/45 foregik de allieredes fremrykning væsentligt langsommere end de havde ventet. One of the gifts they made to the project was an eight-metre high orb and cross made in London by goldsmiths Gant MacDonald, using medieval nails recovered from the ruins of the roof of Coventry Cathedral, and crafted in part by Alan Smith, the son of a pilot who took part in the raid. 3,0 sur 5 étoiles bon film de guerre. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème Guerre, Crimes de guerres, Guerre mondiale. Les états-majors pensèrent que la ville servirait de nœud logistique pour ce transfert[4]. This group of 254 Lancasters carried 500 tons of high explosives and 375 tons of incendiaries ("fire bombs"). [143] The "hutted camps" mentioned in the report as military targets were also not military but were camps for refugees. The Albertstadt, in the north of Dresden, had remarkable military facilities that the bombings failed to hit. Civilian strafing was in fact a regular practice of the Luftwaffe throughout the war. Dans la ville de Dresde, joyau architectural, s’étaient réfugiés pas moins de 750 000 civils qui avaient fui devant l’invasion de l’armée soviétique et campaient dans les parcs, sur les trottoirs, dans les rues. During the Second World War, Britain was on summer time and. Dresden was a civilian town with no military significance. [7] At 22:03 the Local Air Raid Leadership issued the first definitive warning: "Warning! Rien n'indiquait un rôle militaire décisif pour cette ville ancienne, qui avait, pour cette raison, été épargnée pendant cinq ans. À l'arrière-plan, la manufacture de tabac Yenidze. Read Dresde 1945 book reviews & author details and more at Amazon.in. As a centre of military and munitions production, Coventry suffered some of the worst attacks on any British city at the hands of the Luftwaffe during the Coventry Blitzes of 1940 and 1941, which killed over 1,200 civilians and destroyed its cathedral.[119]. La réalité a dû être encore plus dure. Dresde 1945: 3760207260085: Books - Amazon.ca. Free delivery on qualified orders. Bombing of Dresden, during World War II, Allied bombing raids on February 13–15, 1945, that almost completely destroyed the German city of Dresden. Warning! It was dark and all of us tried to leave this cellar with inconceivable panic. [67] The 379th bombardment group started to bomb Dresden at 12:17, aiming at marshalling yards in the Friedrichstadt district west of the city centre, as the area was not obscured by smoke and cloud. This site uses cookies to deliver our services, improve performance, for analytics, and (if not signed in) for advertising. I'm a historian. [9][10][11] Some have claimed that the raid constituted a war crime. [68], Strafing of civilians has become a traditional part of the oral history of the raids, since a March 1945 article in the Nazi-run weekly newspaper Das Reich claimed this had occurred. [29][30], On 31 January, Bottomley sent Portal a message saying a heavy attack on Dresden and other cities "will cause great confusion in civilian evacuation from the east and hamper movement of reinforcements from other fronts". So instead the Nazis sent in troops with flamethrowers. [65], 316 B-17 Flying Fortresses bombed Dresden, dropping 771 tons of bombs. The first group to arrive over the target was the 401st, but it missed the city centre and bombed Dresden's southeastern suburbs, with bombs also landing on the nearby towns of Meissen and Pirna. It also said there were barracks, hutted camps, and a munitions storage depot. [130] Specifically, whether the attack can be considered a war crime depends on whether the city was defended and whether resistance was offered against an approaching enemy. Le 75 e anniversaire du bombardement de Dresde devrait nous obliger à comprendre que, malheureusement, comme l’a déclaré l’homme d’État romain Cicéron, « En temps de guerre, la loi se tait. Comme le fut Hiroshima, Tokyo et Nagazaki pour les Japonais 157.193.127.45 5 … L'héroïne Johanna survit au bombardement, mais pas sa grande sœur, ce qui fait perdre la raison à sa mère[44]. Voici 70 ans, du 13 au 15 février 1945, la ville de Dresde fut largement détruite par un raid aérien massif de bombardiers anglais et américains. Un historien comme Jörg Friedrich considère que les destructions des zones habitées par "Area Bombing" sont des crimes de guerre. It is also truthful. The bomber groups were protected by 784 North American P-51 Mustangs of the Eighth Air Force's VIII Fighter Command, for a total almost 2,100 Eighth Army Air Force aircraft over Saxony during 14 February. En lien avec les bombardements de la seconde guerre mondiale et les choix stratégiques: Autres bombardements des villes d'Allemagne: Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. The intentions of the attack are to hit the enemy where he will feel it most, behind an already partially collapsed front, to prevent the use of the city in the way of further advance, and incidentally to show the Russians when they arrive what Bomber Command can do. S'ils conviennent aux historiens, les résultats de la Commission historique sont régulièrement remis en cause sur internet, notamment par les nationalistes. He writes that the bombing was the first time the public in Allied countries seriously questioned the military actions used to defeat the Germans.[102]. His account relates that over 135,000 were killed during the firebombings. It is connected with German bands and Dresden shepherdesses. Contrairement aux autres grandes villes, il n'y avait donc pas eu de plan étendu de protection avec grands abris anti-aériens[17]. [124] The society is committed to reconstructing the historic city centre as much as possible. At 22:00 hours, the force heading for Böhlen split away from Plate Rack, which turned south east toward the Elbe. The results were published in 2010 and stated that between 22,700[3] and 25,000 people[4] were killed. [112][113][114] This was completed on 1 April 1945: ...the moment has come when the question of the so called 'area-bombing' of German cities should be reviewed from the point of view of our own interests. [63] The mix of bombs for the Dresden raid was about 40% incendiaries—much closer to the RAF city-busting mix than the USAAF usually used in precision bombardment. Dresde 1945 [62], Primary sources disagree as to whether the aiming point was the marshalling yards near the centre of the city or the centre of the built-up urban area. Explosion after explosion. Traditional British chivalry and the use of minimum force in war was to become a mockery and the outrages perpetrated by the bombers will be remembered a thousand years hence".[148]. The raid was carried out through the normal chain of command, pursuant to directives and agreements then in force. He was in Dresden at the time and saw what happened. [111] Under pressure from the Chiefs of Staff and in response to the views expressed by Portal and Harris among others, Churchill withdrew his memo and issued a new one. The uncertainty this introduced is thought to amount to no more than 100. [22] These were now reexamined, and the decision was made to plan a more limited operation. The idea was that, as one building collapsed or filled with smoke, those using the basement as a shelter could knock the walls down and run into adjoining buildings. En lire plus. Februar 1945", Air operations during the Battle of Europe, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II&oldid=994797400, History of the Royal Air Force during World War II, World War II strategic bombing of Germany, Aerial operations and battles of World War II by town or city, Germany–United Kingdom military relations, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2013, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 7 aircraft (1 B-17 and 6 Lancasters, including crews), Military units and anti-aircraft defences were sufficiently close that it was not valid to consider the city "undefended.". D'autres bombardements sur l'Allemagne (Berlin et Hambourg lors de l'opération Gomorrhe) furent aussi très meurtriers, mais celui de Dresde a plus profondément choqué les esprits, peut-être parce que la ville était davantage perçue comme une ville d'arts et de culture et qu'elle avait un intérêt stratégique moins important (ne pouvant justifier une attaque aussi lourde), d'autant plus que l'Albertstadt, le fort militaire de Dresde, n'a pas été bombardé. ... We must see to it that our attacks do no more harm to ourselves in the long run than they do to the enemy's war effort. Immediate German propaganda claims following the attacks and postwar discussions[5] of whether the attacks were justified have led to the bombing becoming one of the moral causes célèbres of the war. Check out Dresde Apocalypse reviews, ratings, browse wide selection of blu-ray, DVDs and shop online at Amazon.in "Le 7 mai 1945, juste avant la capitulation allemande, Patton eut une conférence en Autriche avec le Secrétaire américain à la Guerre Robert Patterson. They are centres of communications through which traffic is moving across to the Russian Front, and from the Western Front to the East, and they are sufficiently close to the Russian Front for the Russians to continue the successful prosecution of their battle. Harris quotes as his source the Public Records Office ATH/DO/4B quoted by Lord Zuckerman "From Apes to Warlords" p. 352. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFGrayling2006 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrayling2006b (, United Newsreel on the bombing of Dresden, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force, Aerial bombardment and international law § International law up to 1945, Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands, blocked a demonstration of far-right organizations, Slaughterhouse-Five or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death, Operation Gomorrah campaign against Hamburg. It was a wonderfully beautiful city and a symbol of baroque humanism and all that was best in Germany. This was a common mix when the USAAF anticipated cloudy conditions over the target.